International Council for Veterinary Assessment: North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (ICVA-NAVLE) Practice Tests and PDFs

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) states that employees over 40 are protected from discrimination based on age. Discrimination can occur even if both parties involved in the job process (employer and potential employee) are over 40.

Cats are not small dogs. Dogs may show a wide array of clinical signs with pancreatitis, from vomiting, and diarrhea, to anorexia, lethargy, abdominal pain, icterus, and weight loss. In some studies, less than 50% of cats have overt abdominal pain. The most common clinical signs appreciated are lethargy and decreased appetite. Some cats will have vomiting, varying degrees of dehydration, belly pain, icterus, and weight loss (depending on chronicity). Metabolic disease is possible, but patients with endocrine disease usually have additional clinical signs such as changes in drinking/urination, coat quality changes, or other abnormalities that lead you in that direction. Cholangitis patients (depending on the form, neutrophilic, lymphocytic, or chronic) tend to have signs ranging from vomiting to diarrhea and appetite changes. They, too, may be lethargic and may also have ptyalism. However, they generally have painful abdomens more consistently than those with pancreatitis. The vomiting and diarrhea may be acute and significant or chronic and intermittent. In acute cases, patients are generally febrile. The signs tend to be a bit less generalized than lethargy and a decreased appetite, and the prevalence of pancreatitis, while not fully elucidated in cats, is presumed to be common. These patients may present with icterus but do not have to have reached that state yet. However, it cannot be ruled out as we commonly see more than one inflammatory condition in cats at a time, associated with the pancreas/liver/or GI tract. Given the patient's age, Neoplasia has to be on the list. Still, based on your history evaluation and discussion and the patient's clinical signs, this wouldn't be the first thing we would jump to without ruling out other common causes of signs.

Ez binding (i.e dystocia) is a common cause of illness in captive female birds including chickens, budgies, cockatiels. and lovebirds. The cause of egg binding is multifactorial; it can be seen with hypovitaminosis A. obesity, first-time egg layers, and genetic predisposition. The most common cause in production birds, such as chickens, is hypocalcemia. Diagnosis may be made with physical examination or via imaging. The affected bird should be stabilized with fluid and thermal support before extraction is attempted. If medical management is unsuccessful, surgery would be required to remove the egg.

Listeriosis is an infection of the brain caused by Listeria monocytogenes bacteria that cause an ascending asymmetrical encephalitis. Although listeriosis can affect multiple species, ruminants are the most susceptible. Treatment success requires aggressive and early administration of either penicillin G procaine or oxytetracycline. The alternative choices do not have a bacterium because a primary etiologic agent and antibiotics should not be administered empirically.

Ruminants, such as sheep and cattle, cannot pant. As a result, they are much less efficient at evaporative heat loss than other large animal species. Further, sheep not sheared are at higher risk of heat-related illness. Exercise intolerance due to lack of access to water, inappropriate shade, and lack of conditioning could lead to heat illness, but this can happen in any species, not just in ruminants. Sheep can pant. Like dogs, they use panting to facilitate heat loss and cool off.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is the ailment in this case scenario and is seen commonly in young German Shepherds. It occurs when the exocrine pancreas produces inadequate amounts of enzymes for digestion, leading to maldigestion and malabsorption of the intestinal contents. The test of choice for EPI is trypsin-like immunoreactivity, which measures specific pancreatic enzymes (trypsin) in the bloodstream, In EPL these enzymes are not being produced in sufficient amounts, so the TLI results are profoundly decreased. Serum TLI <2.5 gg/L along with clinical signs of EPI is considered diagnostic.

Additional information includes that she is g 3 days in milk and has increased production by 26 pounds since the revious milk test. This is her fourth lactation, and she has not et been serviced,

Vitamin A deficiency can cause abortions, congenital abnormalities, decreased sperm counts, decreased libido, blindness, seizures, skin problems, suppressed immunity, and may predispose animals to urolithiasis. Animals may have all signs described in the question as well. Unless concurrent disease or nutritional deficiencies also exist, they are generally still in good body condition. Neonates born to cows with vitamin A deficiency often have thickened carpal joints, domed foreheads, are very weak at birth, and are blind. Ocular changes with vitamin A deficiency are very typical, though not pathognomonic. They include: • Dilated, non-responsive pupils • Papilledema leads to a pale optic disease with indistinct borders (especially dorsally, causing an inverted heart appearance) • Over time, the optic disc fades • Severe, advanced cases will have an atrophied optic disc • Lack of a Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR) • Retinal blood vessels will become tortuous or will seem to occlude while crossing the disc • Subretinal hemorrhages and retinal detachment can occur Differentials include Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) (as we can see with thiamine deficiency) or salt poisoning. However, the lack of a pupillary light reflex secondary to the retinal degeneration that occurs with vitamin A deficiency will not be seen with the other possible diagnoses where the optic nerves and mesencephalon still function normally. Vitamin A is paramount in ocular health. Deficiencies arise when improper storage of feedstuffs or with abnormal processing as it isn't very stable and can be easily broken down by light, acids, heat, and oxygen. Storing foods at too high temperatures, feedstuff processing procedures, and rancidity can all lead to vitamin A drops in the feed, thus, leading to a herd deficiency. Numerous B vitamins exist, and we can see deficiencies such as thiamine deficiency (B1). Still, this type of blindness (PEM) doesn't cause a loss of PLR. Vitamin C deficiency is almost unheard of in ruminants since they can synthesize their own vitamin C, unlike humans, non-human primates, and guinea pigs.

Animals with dystocias (especially those secondary to hypocalcemia) or animals with hypocalcemia after calving are at increased risk of uterine prolapse. Lack of sufficient calcium leads to a delay in involution and a lack of uterine tone, increasing the risk of prolapse. Replacement of the uterus first requires hydration (especially if the occurrence happened several hours before identification), cleaning of the affected organ, protecting it until surgery, and a mild presurgical scrub prior to replacement. Replacement can be done in recumbency or while standing; the choice is the doctor’s preference. In some countries, clenbuterol, a Beta-2 adrenergic agonist, can cause relaxation of the uterus and make replacement much easier. However, the FDA forbids the use of this drug in the US in food-producing animals. An epidural anesthetic is recommended, though many claim it is unnecessary. However, pain management needs are greatly underappreciated in food-producing animals, and it is humane to provide this service. If there are any uterine tears, these must be repaired before replacement. Once the uterus has been replaced, administering oxytocin (5–40 IU IV or IM) can help stimulate uterine contractions, which will help keep it in place and improve the chances of involution, though it is an off-label use for it. Most commonly in cattle, oxytocin is used to aid in retained fetal membranes, for mild to moderate cases of acute postpartum metritis (for which those with uterine prolapse are at higher risk), or to augment uterine contractions during delivery. However, it is frequently used for additional obstetrics-related matters, such as uterine prolapse.

Welfare audits use science-based measures to assess the adequacy of the animals' environment to ensure that it is compliant with the five freedoms of animal welfare. Each species has specific parameters to conform with, such as specific temperature ranges for chicks in a hatchery or appropriate ventilation systems for pork producers. The auditor should be familiar with the standard of care and specification for the species being evaluated. An operations profitability analysis is not part of the welfare audit: however, there is a direct relationship between the state of the animals' environment and the system's production ability.

Data cleaning is the term used to describe the process of identifying common errors that occur in the data collection process that could ultimately invalidate the final data reporting. Duplicate data points. missing/blank data fields, and outliers are examples of the types of errors that can identified during data cleaning. When errors are corrected, it is important to document the correction in the event that it would need to be reversed later or omitted from analysis completely.

IBV is a worldwide avian coronaviral disease, with chickens as the primary host, though the disease has been seen in peafowl and pheasants. It is transmitted via inhalation and direct contact, and morbidity in birds is usually 100%. Various strains lead to different clinical pictures, including decreased egg yields, poor egg quality, upper respiratory tract disease, andacute nephritis. Respiratory lesions are not granulomatous but may contain serous, caseous, or catarrhal exudates when advanced and are foamy within the air sacs, then develop cloudiness as the disease progresses. The preferred diagnostic test molecularly detects the viral spike (S1) gene. Once the S1 gene is identified, a lab can further perform sequence analysis to define the serotype. This is time-consuming and costly. Less expensive methods of identification, without identifying the serovar-specific strain, include Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), assessment of rising antibody titers against IBV preclinical to convalescent sera, or virus isolation in embryonated eggs. If you are collecting samples from a large flock, be sure to collect samples from animals with and without clinical signs. Signs generally develop three to five days post-infection, when peak titer is no longer evident.

Normally, mom's grooming helps to stimulate infants to go to the bathroom. However, without a mom's gentle tongue, humans need to stimulate neonates to go to the bathroom, generally for the first three weeks of life. You can use a cotton swab, finger, or tissue and softly rub the genital area. Rubbing the anal area accomplishes the same thing for stool. Normal infants have loose but not liquid stools. If they aren't defecating and you are concerned about constipation, you can always take the tip of a thermometer and place it in the rectum. This will often stimulate them to go.

Amprolium is an effective drug for coccidial infections. The drug interferes with thiamine utilization and sexual reproduction of the protozoan parasite, thereby retarding the parasite's development.

Wage negotiations should be conducted in a professional manner; do not present ultimatums or unprofessional statements such as revealing a coworker's earnings in order to avoid creating a hostile work environment. The individual making the request should be informed regarding their own accomplishments and should be prepared to clearly and concisely present the reasons why higher pay is deserved. If the other aspects of the position are enjoyable. the individual should make a plan to revisit the wage increase request in a set period of time, with 3—6 months being the average. This will give the employer time to reassess their position. The employee should be aware of how far he or she is willing to compromise before seeking an alternative employer.

There are three sucking lice species in cattle, Linognathus vituli, Hematopinus quadripertusus, Hematopinus eurysternus, and one chewing louse, Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis. Lice are host specific and cannot survive off the host animal for more than a few days. They require certain specific environmental factors to thrive. Some species may survive only ten to 15 days, while the chewing louse can live up to ten weeks. Transmission is via close contact. Animals often show no signs, but mild dermatitis may manifest during a moderate infestation. From there, heavier infestations may lead to pruritus, licking, and rubbing. Sucking lice with severe infestations can cause anemias. Heavy infestations may occur in the face of underlying disease states such as chronic disease or malnutrition. When animals are debilitated, they often fail to groom themselves. Thus, this may promote the retention of lice. Economic losses from the hide may occur, but usually, the condition causes minimal to no financial consequences. Control is via permethrins, macrocyclic lactones, or potentially essential oils (chewing lice).

Cyberbullying is a newer outlet for clients and pet owners to attack veterinarians. There are multiple recommendations regarding the best way to handle cyberbullying on social media, but in the event that the posts become threatening. the individual being targeted should file a formal complaint of harassment with local law enforcement. Legislature surrounding cyberbullying is muddy and absent because many individuals defend their position as their right to free speech. Revealing the details of a patient may violate a state's practice act, as is firing a client during the treatment of a patient. The veterinarian may not have the power to void a bill. and doing so is controversial (i.e„ it is rewarding the client's bad behavior). The American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) provides a cyberbullying toolkit for members to navigate the nuances of social media.

Because of the nondiscriminate nature of domestic animals such as cattle, sheep, and goats, ingestion of toxins is most commonly accidental because of their presence in the environment. This includes lead-based paint found on old, painted boards used to repair a fence. ingestion of moldy feed that was missed by the producer. or even metal shards accidentally mixed with feed. In cases of toxicity, multiple animals are most often affected and the veterinarian must evaluate the environment to determine the route of exposure.

Coccidial infections in many ruminants are self-limiting and may remain asymptomatic. Clinical signs may debelop, if proper hysbandry and management practices aren't followed secondary to high oocyst environmental contamination. Kids seem to be highly susceptible, and, as a result, this may lead to chronic diarrhea. The causative genus in ruminants is Eimeria sp. Eimeria infections in sheep cause significant economic losses. When clinical signs arise, we can see diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss, wool breaking, anemias, appetite changes, and even death in the young. Those at highest risk are lambs in the one-to-six-month age range, those kept in lambing pens, those raised on feedlots, or those with intensive grazing locales. Risks increase with crowding, stress, weather changes, shipping, and contamination from other animals. Goats show similar signs, though they can also experience constipation and death without ever developing diarrhea. Measures to reduce exposure and contamination are paramount. The following measures can help control coccidiosis on farms: • Decrease stocking rates: Reduces exposure to and contamination by oocysts • Properly dispose of manure: Reduces exposure to and contamination by oocysts • Elevate feed troughs: Reduces exposure to and contamination by oocysts • Clean water troughs regularly: Reduces exposure to and contamination by oocysts • Increase sunlight exposure: Kills oocysts • Lower the humidity: Kills oocysts • Properly clean and then disinfect with ammonia, methyl bromide, or formaldehyde • Prevent rotating all juvenile animals through various different stages • Place animals in age-matched pens, outside enclosures The goal is to avoid the need for prophylactic coccidiostatic medication to ensure appropriate antimicrobial stewardship practices and minimize animal exposure to various medications. Note that eradication is generally not feasible, so practicing key management practices and ensuring safe, appropriately timed deworming protocols is key to minimizing economic and animal losses.